These water droplets usually form around a microscopic piece of dust or salt called condensation nuclei. When water vapor cools or when air masses of different temperatures mix, water vapor may condense back into droplets of liquid water. Winds carry water vapor in the atmosphere long distances. Condensation is the process of w ater vapor transitioning to a liq uid. The term evapotranspiration refers to these two sources of water entering the atmosphere and is commonly used by geologists. Plants contribute significant amounts of water vapor as a byproduct of photosynthesis called transpiration that occurs through the minute pores of plant leaves. Evaporation occurs from oceans, lakes, and streams and the land surface. Water evaporates when solar energy warms the water sufficiently to excite the water molecules to the point of vaporization. The processes involved in the water cycle are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.Įvaporation is the process by which a liquid is converted to a gas. During circulation, water changes between solid, liquid, and gas (water vapor) and changes location. The water cycle is the continuous circulation of water in the Earth’s atmosphere. To this day government c ontrolled water continues to be an integral part of most modern societies. In the drier lowlands of the Yucatan Peninsula, mask facades of the hooked-nosed rain god, Chac (or Chaac) are prominent on Mayan buildings such as the Kodz Poop (Temple of the Masks, sometimes spelled Coodz Poop) at the ceremonial site of Kabah. Ancient Mayan architecture depicts water imagery such as frogs, water-lilies, water fowl to illustrate the importance of water in their societies. As shown in the figures, two thousand year old Roman aqueducts still grace European, Middle Eastern, and North African skylines. In pre-industrial civilizations, the powerful controlled water resources. Humans rely on suitable water sources for consumption, agriculture, power generation, and many other purposes. Water is among the volatiles in magma and emerges at the surface as steam in volcanoes. Water carried by subducted oceanic plates causes flux melting of upper mantle material. Water shapes our planet by depositing minerals, aiding lithification, and altering rocks after they are lithified. The hydrosphere (Earth’s water) is an important agent of geologic change. Describ e karst topography, how it is created, and the landforms that characterize itĪll life on Earth requires water.Describe three major groups of water contamination and three types of remediation.Describe the properties required for a good aquifer define confining layer water table.Describe stream landforms: channel types, alluvial fans, floodplains, natural levees, deltas, entrenched meanders, and terraces.Describe zone of transport, zone of sediment production, zone of deposition, and equilibrium.Describe reasons for water laws, who controls them, and how water is shared in the western U.S.Describe drainage basins, watershed protection, and water budget.Example of a Roman aqueduct in Segovia, Spain.ĭescribe the processes of the water cycle.11 Water Entrenched meander of the Colorado River, downstream of Page, Arizona.
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